Go To This Website, Which Is Hosted By Skeptical Science.

Go to this website, which is hosted by Skeptical Science. Read up and then answer the following questions. http://skepticalscience.com/argument.php 1. This link covers many of the myths about climate change. †¢ List two of the myths that you found most interesting. †¢Outline what each myth is, and what the right answer to that question or item is. Has your view on climate change evolved since before taking this course? Why or why not? Choose one the Review Questions from this week’s reading and answer it in full. Please tell me how the course is going for you so far? Is it hard, â€Å"just right†, or easy? 1. This link covers many of the myths about climate change. †¢ List two of the myths that you found most interesting. †¢ Outline what each myth†¦show more content†¦At this point whenever there is an extreme weather event such as food or drought, many ask if global warming caused that event. However, unfortunately, this event most changes and caused by the impact human activities. 2. Has your view on climate change evolved since before taking this course? Why or why not? Answer: Absolutely, my view around this development has changed significantly because I now opened my eyes and view more critically to the facts of climate change and energy sources and the energy cycle. I now understand that some of the problems from the industry as well. Since the government wants to change, but unable do that. In addition, I knew where to stand from and have knowledge about the whole cycle of the energy. All energy made from light and some others that relate. Generally, I would say the course has clearly opened my eyes to understand the impact and views the evidence of climate change matters 3. Choose one the Review Questions for this week is reading and answer it in full. The question I have chosen: What are the pros and cons of various waste management strategies? Do you agree or disagree with the general waste management hierarchy?† Answer: this would I think depends on the specific strategy a government in a specific country how really they are using. If a community, for example, incinerates the waste at high temperatures emission and pollution are released into the environment. The incinerator could adhere to a filterShow MoreRelatedThe Myths About Climate Change Essay790 Words   |  4 PagesGo to this website, which is hosted by Skeptical Science. Read up and then answer the following questions. http://skepticalscience.com/argument.php 1. This link covers many of the myths about climate change. †¢ List two of the myths that you found most interesting. †¢ Outline what each myth is, and what the right answer to that question or item is. Reviewing the website above, I must say some people are extremely foolish and a vast majority of the claims they make are extremely ridiculous! GlobalRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Fake Accounts1384 Words   |  6 Pageseven knowing. These fake accounts have the most privileges when the secret of who the really are is never released. Having anonymity on social media gives users some sort of safety cape to be able to possibly say whatever they feel. Some people take this tool and use it negatively while others ignore it or even may use it positively. The epidemic of fake accounts taking over the internet has been questioned to have an effect on those creating it and how they may act differently thanks to having anonymityRead MoreSience23554 Words   |  95 PagesEnvironmental Issues Webquest Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect Go to http://www.globalissues.org/article/233/climate-change-and-global-warming-introduction and answer the following questions. 1. What is the greenhouse effect? 2. How does it relate to climate change? 3. Draw and label the greenhouse effect. 4. Scroll down to the section â€Å"The Greenhouse Effect is Natural. What do we have to do with it?† What are some ways that humans are thoughtRead MoreResearch on Persuasive Techniques Used in Advertising Industry12297 Words   |  50 PagesMass Media MEANING OF MASS COMMUNICATION Mass Communication is the term used to describe the academic study of various means by which individuals and entities relay information to large segments of the population all at once through mass media. In the United States, many university journalism departments evolved into schools or colleges of mass communication or journalism and mass communication, as reflected in the names of two major academic organizations. In addition to studying practical skillsRead MoreNew World Order in Conspiracy Theory13987 Words   |  56 Pages------------------------------------------------- New World Order (conspiracy theory) This article is about the use of the term  New World Order  in conspiracy theory. For other uses, see  New World Order (disambiguation). The reverse side of the  Great Seal of the United States  (1776). The Latin phrase novus ordo seclorum, appearing on the reverse side of the Great Seal since 1782 and on the back of the  U.S one-dollar bill  since 1935, means New Order of the Ages and only alludes to the beginningRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 Pagesfor a New Baxter Manufacturing Company Plant in Mexico CASE STUDY IV-6 The Challenges of Local System Design for Multinationals: The MaxFli Sales Force Automation System at BAT CASE STUDY IV-7 Meridian Hospital Systems, Inc.: Deciding Which IT Company to Join CASE STUDY IV-8 Mary Morrison’s Ethical Issue Seventh Edition Managing Information Technology Carol V. Brown Howe School of Technology Management, Stevens Institute of Technology Daniel W. DeHayes Kelley SchoolRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services:Read MoreBrand Building Blocks96400 Words   |  386 Pagesstrong brands. They can be caused by arrogance but are more often caused by complacency coupled with pride and/or greed. The final reason is the pressure for short-term results that pervades organizations. The irony is that internal forces and biases, which are under the control of the organization, cause many of the formidable problems facing brand builders today. 1. Pressure To Compete On Price There are enormous pressures on nearly all firms to engage in price competition. In all industriesRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesAmy Scholz Carly DeCandia Alana Filipovich Jeof Vita Arthur Medina Allison Morris This book was set in 10/12 New Caledonia by Aptara ®, Inc. and printed and bound by Courier/Westford. The cover was printed by Courier/Westford. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright  © 2009, 2006, 2004, 2001, 1998, 1995, 1992, 1989, 1986, 1981, 1976 John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form

Buddhism history Free Essays

There are various religions in the world which people follow for their spiritual quest. Buddhism is one of the religions and disciplines that some groups of people adhere. Buddhism branched out from Hinduism that is considered as the reformation movement of the religion. We will write a custom essay sample on Buddhism history or any similar topic only for you Order Now The founder of Buddhism is Siddharta Gautama who was born in the warrior caste of India known as the Shakya clan (â€Å"Background of Gautama and Buddhism†, 2008). Born in leisure and luxury, Siddharta was shielded from the harsh realities of life and the suffering in life. One day when Siddharta made his rare trips outside the palace, he saw an old man, a sick man and a dead man which was his first encounter and witness personally the suffering of human life (Burns, 2009). After the mentioned experience, he decided to seek the truth that was hidden from him his whole life. He tried to attain the truth through the supervision of the Brahmin priests but he was disillusioned by the teachings of Hinduism. His self-mortification brought him closer to death instead of enlightenment (â€Å"Background of Gautama and Buddhism†, 2008). He decided to take a new path in search of enlightenment. He dedicated his life in meditation as he sat under a fig tree known as the Bodhi tree or the tree of wisdom. Through this, he attained the highest degree of consciousness referred to as Nirvana. Siddharta surpass the challenges and temptations and attained enlightenment. He was known to have found the way to escape the cruel causality of samsara or the cycle of rebirths. He also discovered the Four Noble Truths or the wisdom of Realization. Siddharta Gautama was known as the â€Å"enlightened one† as he found the answers on various life’s questions and why there is the existence of pain and suffering (â€Å"Background of Gautama and Buddhism†, 2008). One of the teachings of Buddhism is the samsara or the cycle of rebirths and the never-ending journey. It is described as the process of continuous birth, growing old, suffering and death (Buddhism Teacher, 2008). Samsara is a Sanskrit word for â€Å"journeying†. In Buddhism, as well as in other religions such as Hinduism and Jainism, samsara is defined as the cycle of birth, death and rebirth. Samsara is sometimes depicted as the opposite of Nirvana. However, in Mahayana school of Buddhism, Nirvana and Samsara are viewed as mental representations that a person appreciates the true nature of the world (O’Brien, 2009). Many people perceive samsara as a place, instead, it is a process to keep creating worlds and how people will move into the world. The worlds we create are associated with suffering from the date of our birth up to our adulthood (Bhikku, 2002). Samsara is the continuous life cycle of a person. It is believed that people are being born again as another person or entity. In India, some people are believed to be born in another caste or in another life situation. Samsara is also associated with Karma which is also another teaching in Buddhism wherein the life situation or the present existence of a person is based on the past life events. Karma explains to us the concept of cause and effect and helps us understand the idea of samsara. It explains to us in understanding interdependency, interconnectedness and unity (Buddhism Teacher, 2008). Karma is also taught in other religions like Hinduism that explains the punishment on the sins committed on the past life. It explains why some people are born in better life situations that the others. Some people believed that when they have done good in their present life, they will be rewarded in their future life. Buddhism is one of the religions that attempt to explain the worldly views and questions that concerns life’s sufferings and reincarnation. Buddhism incorporates the attainment of enlightenment or realization of the truth in life that will enable us to fully understand the ongoing events and our current life’s situation. Buddhism relates to the people of various social classes who follow an esteemed and righteous path for spiritual wellness. References Background of Gautama and Buddhism. (2008). Let Us Reason Ministries. Retrieved May 22, 2009, from Bhikku, T. (2002). Samsara. Esolibris. Retrieved May 22, 2009, from Burns, M. G. (2009). Archangels Wisdom. Retrieved May 22, 2009, from Buddhism Teacher. (2008). Samsara. Retrieved May 22, 2009, from O’Brien, B. (2009). Samsara. About. com. Retrieved May 22, 2009, from How to cite Buddhism history, Papers

Relationship among TVF and Social Contract in Context Accounting

Question: Explain Relationship Among TVF And Social Contract In The Context Accounting? Answer: Introduction In the current time, different types of theories and methods are used by the business firms in order to conduct their financial and accounting functions. These theories of accounting help the companies in attaining their long term objectives and mission. This research paper is developed in order to understand various theories and their applications in the context of accounting setting. In addition to this, this research study would be more valuable and significant for the readers to understand the importance of accounting theories in the practices. Along with this, it is also important to know that, with the help of these theories, business firms or their accountants could perform more complicated tasks related to accounting and finance. At the same time, with the help of these business firms could attain competitive advantages over the competitors in the market in an effective and proper manner. The concept of social contract theory is created during the time of European Enlightenment and in the late 17th Century. Thomas Hobbes (15881679) was known as the first English savant that clarified social contract hypothesis and after that John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau contributed into this hypothesis/logic. Social contract hypothesis are identified with good values and political science that likewise significant in the present business condition. True and fair view (TFV) is a bookkeeping idea/rule that clarified it is fundamental for firms to get ready and present reasonable and genuine budgetary proclamations. The social contract hypothesis is significant or application of TFV rule and distinctive bookkeeping standards/models/ideas. This paper depicts Hobbes, Lockes and Rousseau saw identified with social contract hypothesis and after that clarifies this application in the bookkeeping. The fundamental point of this paper is to clarify the social contract pertinent and appli cation in the bookkeeping profession with regards to TFV rule. In this, considers the evaluation thing 1 writing audit finding to talk about TFV speaks to or not show a social contract between the bookkeeping settings. Furthermore, another primary point of this paper is to portray the social contract significance and use of Legitimacy Theory in bookkeeping. In this, conducts writing survey to clarify both the themes and achieves a result of this review. Relationship among TVF and Social Contract in the context of Accounting Profession True and fair view' (TFV): As per Islam, (2014), TFV accounting is focused on preparing the genuine, reasonable and blunder free financial statement to reflect the precise budgetary position or circumstance of the organization in the front of key partners. The TFV is playing a vital part in bookkeeping, auditing and financial reporting by introducing the exact or right money related circumstance of the organization in the market. In addition to this, the business decisions of business accomplices, providers, speculators, shareholders, merchants and clients depending on the current financial position of the organization, so is fundamental and valuable for the business firms to present right or precise monetary proclamation through connected the TFV guideline/standard of bookkeeping (Vladu, Salas and Matis, 2012). Furthermore, it is the social duty of the organizations to plan and present the reasonable, genuine and remedy financial reports for keeping the stakeholders advantages (Jahn, and Brhl, 2016). Frynas, and Stephens, (2015) expressed that the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) are the bookkeeping guidelines, standards, and methodology that organizations must use to develop financial records of the company. The GAAP gauges states that the organizations are developing 'full, genuine and reasonable' money related articulations such as: Profit Loss statement, Balance Sheets and Cash Flow statement in order to display the exact budgetary position, liquidity position, resources liabilities position and money inflows and outpourings position before partners. The legitimate perspective of a TFV has limited the organizations to plan reasonable, genuine and exact budgetary proclamations in the every year (Christensen, Nikolaev, and Wittenberg, Moerman, 2016). In addition, TFV is viewed as the idea of business morals and social contract. This suggests the business firms to present true and fair information about the financial statement of the company in order to motivate the key stakeholders (Lanis, and Richardson, 2012). Social Contract in Accounting: The possibility of social contract depends on the social contract hypothesis/reasoning that originates before the European Enlightenment and has begun in the late seventeenth century. Leonard and Samantar (2011) expressed that Thomas Hobbes at the beginning of the Enlightenment or social contract hypothesis, then John Locke additionally contributed in and Jean-Jacques Rousseau toward the end. In spite of the fact that its starting point is obscure, however Thomas Hobbes was first viewed as defenders and he that have created a social contract hypothesis in the late seventeenth century that produced identified with the political hypothesis and good or qualities. Thomas trusted that as a social contract hypothesis, an individual or association conduct, movement or choice is more noteworthy's benefit of society (Bebbington, J., Unerman and O'Dwyer, 2014). Lee, Walter?Drop and Wiesel (2014) Top of Form expressed that the key thought of social contract theory is displayed by Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) that confronted the English Civil War (1642-1648) and saw the oust of Charles II. Hobbes' clarified the human inspiration hypothesis andthe social contract hypothesisthat are a piece of his fundamental political hypothesis. He has depicted the human inspiration elements and human social get that creates a specific perspective of individuals good values and political livesBottom of Form . Likewise, John Locke (1632-1704) displayed that men's by and large joining into a word that is very surprising seen from Hobbes' social contract hypothesis and political hypothesis (Aribi, and Gao, S., (2010). As indicated by the John Locke rationality of social contract, individuals are joined for conservation of their riches, risk and prosperity and in addition saving their lives from the common government. Social contract hypothesis, about as old as the theory itself, is the view that people's good as well as political commitments are needy upon an agreement or understanding among them to shape the general public in which they live. Socrates utilizes something very like a social contract contention to disclose to Crito why he should stay in jail and acknowledge capital punishment. Notwithstanding, social contract hypothesis are properly connected with current good and political hypothesis and is given its initially full work and protected by Thomas Hobbes. After Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau are the best known defenders of this colossally powerful hypothesis, which has been a standout amongst the most prevailing speculations inside good and political hypothesis all through the historical backdrop of the cutting edge West. In the twentieth century, the moral and political hypothesis recaptured philosophical energy subsequently of John Rawls' Kantian form of social contrac t hypothesis, and was trailed by new investigations of the subject by David Gauthier and others. All the more as of late, logicians from alternate points of view have offered new reactions of social contract hypothesis (Matuszak, R?a?ska, and Macuda, 2015). Besides, Evans, Baskerville and Nara (2015) communicated that Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) introduced his concept of the social contract in the distinctive way. Rousseau's social contract hypothesis or thought depends on the social equity, balance flexibility and human rights. He considered the result of the individual or association activity ought to be advantageous for all, similarly. He trusted that and the social contract must authorize that all men were free and equivalent. Rousseau's thought or hypothesis aroused the interests that prompted the French Revolution and the constitution of the US. As per social contract hypothesis, all individual from society consent to the social contract and additionally generally material good or moral standards essentially by taking an interest really taking shape on these tenets (Evans, Baskerville and Nara, 2015). He expressed that social contract as a social assertion between individual from society to take after the common chose admini ster, control, morals and good values (Li, Gupta, Zhang and Sarathy, 2014). In Hobbes' view, this robotic nature of human brain science suggests the subjective way of regulating cases. "Love" and 'despise', for example, are simply words we use to portray the things we are attracted to and repulsed by, separately. Thus, as well, the expressions "great" and "terrible" have no significance other than to portray our hungers and abhorrences. Moral terms don't, in this way, portray some target situation, however, are fairly impressions of individual tastes and inclinations. Role of TFV in social Contract (how TFV indicates a social contract among the accounting profession and the business community) Bebbington, Unerman, andO'Dwyer, (2014) pointed that the TFV rule has been examined in appraisal thing 1 that finding showed the social contract among the bookkeeping calling. Moreover, TFV guideline is identified with business morals and bolsters the bookkeeping calling identified with a social contract. The appraisal 1 finding communicated that bookkeeping caller does not abused of their energy to present error, but rather to bolster the social contract. The social contract is a thought in light of the social contract hypothesis that clarifies such a large amount of bookkeeping hypothesis. Social contract hypotheses have suggestions in the quantity of ranges of bookkeeping hypothesis (Matuszak, R?a?ska, and Macuda, 2015). Banerjee, (2009) expressed that lately, social contract hypotheses and TFV guideline connected in bookkeeping callings to investigation of business morals issues identified with money related misquotes. Numerous associations, CEO and bookkeepers have introduced budgetary misquote of the organizations in the previous couple of years that required discourse of the TFV guideline and social contract relations with bookkeeping calling. The out of line and deluding money related announcing by the organizations, CEO and bookkeepers showed the moral difficulty circumstance and they have not taken after the laws and bookkeeping directions. The TFV standards speak to the social contract between the bookkeeping experts to get ready and present the monetary explanation genuine, reasonable and exact (Graubner, 2007). The social contract between bookkeeping experts helped them to comprehend the significance, require, important, and use of TFV standards. Christensen, Nikolaev and Wittenberg?Moerman (2016) expressed contrastingly that, as indicated by the social contract, representatives those working to identify with bookkeeping experts can't appropriate to abuse their energy while get ready money related explanation or perform monetary announcing and dependably get ready or present reasonable, genuine and right budgetary articulation. TFV shows a social contract among the bookkeeping calling through clarified the bookkeeping experts' dependably consider the advantages of society and partners while play out their errand or obligations. Also, it is fundamental for the bookkeeping experts' to act morally and consider social advantages while play out their obligations and get ready budgetary proclamation (Watts, and Zimmerman, 1990). The social contract between bookkeeping experts roused and urged them to carry on morally and socially through to get ready and present genuine, reasonable and exact money related articulations. Wallenburg and Schffler, (2014) expressed that, as indicated by the social contract hypothesis/reasoning, the essence of the bookkeeping experts is keeping up adjust both organizations and social advantages. The effect of business on social welfare, both positive and negative is felt essential through representatives, buyers and partners. As of late, numerous association advantages to the society and upgrade society welfare through creating or conveying of significant products and enterprises. Hurtful outcomes incorporate exhaustion of characteristic assets, contamination, high wastage, and decrease of individual responsibility on the suppliers of products and ventures (Schwartz, 2011). The unsafe impacts of business on representatives incorporate low wages, laborer distance, dehumanization, perilous working conditions, and the absence of control over the incidental working condition. Shove, (2010) expressed that since open bookkeepers, TFV and social contract has vital ramifications for people in general bookkeeping calling to compose themselves into firms with a specific end goal to deliver reasonable, genuine and precise inspecting administrations. The general states of the social contract apply by bookkeeping experts to every single beneficial association. The social part of open and private bookkeeping experts is getting ready and gives the reasonable, genuine and revises budgetary proclamations. The social contract between the general population bookkeeping experts showed their social part comparative as inspector part through concentrating on reasonable and genuine money related details. With regards to the social contract, bookkeeping experts, reviewers and their customers may make exceptional contracts that are share self-intrigue (Schulz, and Cheng, 2002). The social contract between bookkeeping experts are not enabled them to damage the standards and mo rals and completed the evaluator's part present the reasonable and genuine money related explanations. In addition, Salihin, Fatima, and AnamOusama, (2014) introduced comparable saw and advocated that the TFV speaks to a social contract, fundamental among the bookkeeping callings to urge bookkeeping experts to get ready and speak to the reasonable and genuine money related articulation of the firm. Social contract made weight in bookkeeping experts that on the off chance that they display misdirecting explanation, then its notoriety and picture is influenced by the social and corporate world, so they concentrated on the plan and show reasonable, genuine and exact monetary proclamations of the organizations (Rosenfield, 2006). Moreover, Rosenfield, (2006), anticipated that the social contract hypothesis likewise call attention to moral establishments of the bookkeeping experts certain in the particular acknowledgment of social part and social shared intrigue. The social contract approach/theory clarified that examiners or bookkeepers are obliged to act as per the directs of social part s. The harmony between the social and association advantages are considered by an inspector or bookkeeper to satisfy their social and expert commitment (Riahi-Belkaoui, 2004). In the expression of Riahi-Belkaoui, (2004), an assignation between bookkeeping experts and society as confirm through enactment perceiving of the expert associations of open records and examiner. The majority of the nation's bookkeeping benchmarks required the openly held enterprise money related articulations can be analyzed by three examiners. The reviewing calling have consented to act in a social obligation route for giving advantages of the general public by connecting TFV standard while inspecting of budgetary explanations or revealing (Porter, and Norton, 2008). Social Contract Legitimacy Theory in Accounting Perks, Farache, Shukla, andBerry, (2013) portrayed that the social contract is an unwritten understanding; however the general population consented to tell it to keep up social and business condition. The possibility of social contract is not new; it is created in the seventeenth century by Thomas Hobbes. Hobbes trusted that a social contract is not a real contract and created by common concur of individuals or members, yet it was basic for more prominent benefit or gainful of society. The social contract builds up an authenticity hypothesis while business groups and the many gatherings concede to an understanding that advantages for the general public or individuals (PorterandNorton, 2008). Social contract rationality clarifies the person's moral and political commitments identified with the bookkeeping that has valuable for society. Social contract can't be composed type of law, however, identified with bookkeeping experts morals, moral qualities and political commitments. In addit ion to this, with the help of CSR, a company could also improve its image in the globalized economy and improve its current and future business performance in an effective and innovative manner. Nissim, and Penman, (2001), presented that social contract is assumed a huge part in clarifies of authenticity hypothesis in bookkeeping. The term legitimacy in bookkeeping is related to utilization of legitimate codes, principles, and models amid perform bookkeeping rehearses. The utilization of universal bookkeeping guidelines when runs business in various nations is likewise raised the authenticity hypothesis idea in the bookkeeping. The concentrations of legitimacy hypothesis in the bookkeeping in bookkeeping practices may help association to act morally and ethically with keeping up the straightforwardness, decency and the precision of the money related announcing. The reasonableness, responsibility and straightforwardness in the money related details are additionally fundamental for the moral and social business hones (MacLullich, 2003). The legitimacy in bookkeeping is identified with the general welfare of the business that partners with social contract. As per Mullerat, and Brennan, (2011), the legitimacy hypothesis implies the broadly utilized hypothesis. Legitimacy hypothesis in bookkeeping implies the broadly utilized bookkeeping standards, guidelines or ideas in the business groups in everywhere throughout the world. Business morals identified with bookkeeping, for example, reasonable and genuine budgetary explanation planning is generally utilized as a part of the around the world. As of late, social contract hypothesis is connected in the bookkeeping fields and many bookkeeping authenticity hypothesis is importance with social contract. The social contact is a thought that significance with many bookkeeping speculations and it has suggestions in the few regions of bookkeeping hypotheses (Mallin, 2009). This segment gives chances to investigate social contract suggestions in various bookkeeping legitimacy hypothesis. In this part, talks about the social contract hypothesis application and pertinence in the distinctive bookkeepi ng authenticity hypothesis, including partner hypothesis, natural and reasonable detailing, business morals, corporate administration, and corporate social obligation (CSR). Matuszak, R?a?ska, and Macuda (2015) exhibited comparable saw and expressed that the legitimacy hypothesis in bookkeeping characterized the associations can keep up their money related answering to concentrate on business morals and social contract pertinent bookkeeping speculations. As of late, the social contract between bookkeeping experts that urges them to consider both authoritative and social advantages while money related detailing and keep up records of the association. Associations are required the token after the authenticity hypothesis in bookkeeping and budgetary answering to give the advantages of society (Lobo, and Zhao, 2013). Associations are connected the business morals, stakeholder hypothesis, bookkeeping gauges/ideas, ecological and supportability revealing, corporate administration, and CSR to give advantages of the general public (Orij, 2010). Social Contract and Stakeholder legitimacy theory in accounting: In the expression of Libet, (2002), social contract importance and utilization of partner legitimacy hypothesis in bookkeeping as the inspector and bookkeeping experts are required to consider the enthusiasm of all partners through gets ready and speak to the genuine, fair and precise money related proclamation. As per stakeholder hypothesis, it is dishonest to give misquotes of the association, because of it influenced the partner and damage their advantage. Numerous partners, for example, business accomplices, speculators, banks, shareholders, providers or merchants and clients' choice identified with business relied on upon the budgetary articulations and current monetary position of the organization (Li, Gupta, Zhang, and Sarathy, 2014).. On account of misquotes, their choice isn't right and damage that, so that shareholder legislative hypothesis in bookkeeping connected by bookkeeping experts to keep the rights and enthusiasm of all partners. The social contract is also plays fu ndamental role in the overall success and growth of the business firms. For instance, through the social contract, a company could satisfy its key stakeholders and attain long term goals and objectives in an effective manner. Nicholls (2010) supported that agreeing social contract, business associations satisfies the partners and society through business operations in legitimacy way. Business associations constantly considered the enthusiasm of partners and social advantages before taking any business choice. Business associations clarifies bookkeeping experts their social part, so they ready to anticipate right or enthusiasm of all partners and contribute into the improvement and abundance of society (Jones, 2010). Stakeholder hypothesis authenticity in bookkeeping likewise required the bookkeeping expert's kept up a social contract with every others to comprehend the social need or necessity of the general population and attempt to meet it with business operations. Social contract relevance to corporate governance legitimacy theory in accounting: As per Kealey, Lee, and Stein, (2007), social contract pertinence and application to corporate administration and condition manageability in business association by guarantee that operations or capacities can't hurt society, group, condition and planet. Corporate administration and business morals are important with the social contract and the associations connected these bookkeeping/business ideas to take after the moral way to guarantee manageability of society, group, condition and universe. Corporate administration legitimacy bookkeeping idea is connected by firms to making partners trust and social incentive through giving message that it has not hurt condition and individuals amid creating and conveying item or administrations (Jones, 2013). As of late, numerous MNCs get ready and exhibiting their corporate administration report every year that given message in partners with respect to venture and methodologies use by MNCs to guarantee maintainability of the business and condit ion. As indicated by Ittner, Larcker, and Meyer, (2003), corporate administration and manageability related principle techniques as of now connected by organizations are diminishing contamination or CO2 outflow, utilize regular or inexhaustible wellspring of vitality, waste administration, green house workplaces, and create condition benevolent items or administrations to give the advantages of society and guarantee suitability of individuals and the planet. Corporate administration authenticity hypothesis is comparative as social contract as it is not the same as nation to nation (IengChu, Chatterjee, and Brown, (2012). Innes, and Norris, (2005) additionally expressed that diverse nation individuals have distinctive culture, morals, moral qualities, political thinking or view, expectation for everyday comforts and social lives that change corporate administration authenticity. Creating nations and created nations diverse business ecological components, for example, culture, social, tempe rate, political, lawful and specialized fluctuate administration (Hines, 1989). The writing has affirmed that the business groups would bring diverse discernment on social contract and its application or pertinence in corporate administration and condition manageability hypothesis. Social contract relevance to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) legitimacy theory in accounting: In the expression of Hodge, Kennedy, and Maines, (2004), social contract importance and application of CSR legitimacy hypothesis in bookkeeping as through applying this hypothesis or idea business association ready to satisfy their duty regarding the general public, group, individuals and planet. CSR is connected with organizations to put resources into society through put resources into instruction program, medical services program and welfare exercises of the general population, kick the bucket until they comprehend their corporate duty regarding society and individuals. Associations are maintaining their business that produced hurtful gasses or wastage, which hurt individuals and condition. Hence, it is a social obligation of associations to contribute into the social welfare and keep the earth. The associations spend in philanthropy and run social exercises, for example, give instruction and human service administrations of nearby individuals to satisfy their social obligation re garding the general population and planet (Hay, Knechel, and Wong, 2006). CSR authenticity hypothesis is applicable with social contract hypothesis as both principle points are to give advantages of the general population and society. Moreover, Grnewlder, (2008) is displayed comparable seen as Hawkins, (2006) expressed that CSR legitimacy hypothesis depends on the social contract hypothesis that connected by a large portion of the associations to comprehend there in charge of the general public and condition. Ecological and supportability detailing and sustainable items or business arrangements are a few elements of the CSR approach that connected by numerous MNCs and expansive associations to keep the general public, individuals and condition. Social contract and CSR authenticity hypothesis connected by the organizations to comprehend social need of the general population and afterward attempt to satisfy this need to make social estimation of the business. Social contract and CSR methodologies additionally used by organizations to build up their notoriety, picture and social esteem that may help it to take upper hand in the market Evans, Baskerville, andNara, (2015) The a large portion of the organizations as of now are centered around put resources into society through run instruction, preparing and advancement, medicinal services and social welfare plans. In addition, Curtis, andAveris, (2014), portrayed distinctive considerations through clarified that it is additionally social duty of the organizations to plan and speaks with genuine, reasonable and rectify monetary articulations in form of all partners in the market. The money related misquote showed the bookkeeping experts have not considered their social commitment and social part that influenced the partners' advantage. Presently, CSR legitimacy hypothesis are getting to be plainly fundamental business ideas that connected by firms to build up their social qualities among partners in the aggressive market (Churchill, and Iacobucci, (2006). Carroll, and Shabana, (2010) depicted that the social contract idea is connected with business groups to settle business morals issues identified with bookkeeping and business different exercises. In the bookkeeping, the workers or experts of bookkeeping division must take after their ethical values and act right or moral to advantages society and consider the enthusiasm of partners (Salihin, Fatima, and AnamOusama, 2014). The idea of corporate governance, stakeholder theory, environmental sustainability, and CSR is required the bookkeeping experts considered good values, right or wrong and morals to give the advantages of society and association in adjusting way. Also, Belfo, and Trigo (2013) clarified that business morals is identified with society or group through its limited record experts and administration to considered enthusiasm of all partners while play out their occupations or while taking business choice. The social contract hypothesis is pertinence and the use of busines s morals as morals showed a distinctive individual and association ethical quality and qualities identifies with society. The social contract hypothesis is likewise pertinent and application in CSR, administration, and condition, suitability as these business ideas spoke to the social exercises or elements of associations to meet the social desire of the general population. The above are clarified the social contract signed and application in the diverse bookkeeping authenticity speculations incorporate stakeholder hypothesis, corporate government, condition maintainability, CSR and others. The above writing looked into clarified the social contract is pertinence and utilization of the distinctive legitimacy bookkeeping speculations, because of right now business associations concentrated to contribute in social welfare (Albu, Albu ,and Alexander, 2013). Conclusion On the premise of the above writing audit, it can be expressed that TFV clarifies the social contract is required between the bookkeeping callings. The writing clarification demonstrated that social contract among the bookkeeping calling and the business groups helped them to comprehend the need and significance of genuine, reasonable and right money related articulation of the organization to the general public. This paper led writing survey that would be accomplished point of this paper of creates comprehension on social contract hypothesis and its application or significance in authenticity bookkeeping speculations. This writing audit displayed a few discussions and open deliberations with respect to TFV spoke to and spoke to not a social contract among the bookkeeping calling. This paper finding inferred that social contract hypothesis is pertinence and application in the authenticity hypothesis of bookkeeping incorporate TFV, stakeholder hypothesis, bookkeeping, business morals, administration, CSR, condition maintainability and others. Additionally, the best possible scholarly writing survey is guaranteed the unwavering quality and believability of both point discoveries. In addition to this, it can be said that, accountants should understand the value and importance of these theories and should apply in the practices in order to overcome future challenges and issues. Moreover, through these, a company could also overcome overhead or costs and improve business profitability. Along with this, it can also be concluded that, such accounting theories are the major source of competitive advantages that should be applied and used in the practices in order to run and conduct various functions in an ethical and professional manner. It is also found that, CSR is also helping a company in attaining its core vision and mission and reducing several cost directly or indirectly. Overall, it can be concluded that, business firms and their accounting people should use these and overcome issues related to the accounting and finance . References Albu, C. N., Albu, N., and Alexander, D. (2013). The true and fair view concept in Romania: A case study of concept transferability. InAccounting in Central and Eastern Europe(pp. 61-90). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Aribi, Z.A. and Gao, S., (2010). Corporate social responsibility disclosure: A comparison between Islamic and conventional financial institutions.Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting,8(2), pp.72-91. 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Rapid-Eye-Movement Essays - Dream, Rapid Eye Movement Sleep, Sleep

Rapid-Eye-Movement dream, mental activity associated with the rapid-eye-movement (REM) period of sleep. It is commonly made up of a number of visual images, scenes or thoughts expressed in terms of seeing rather than in those of the other senses or in words. Electroencephalograph studies, measuring the electrical activity of the brain during REM sleep, have shown that young adults dream for 1 1/2 to 2 hours of every 8-hour period of sleep. Infants spend an average of 50% of their sleep in the REM phase (they are believed to dream more often than adults) a figure which decreases steadily with age. During dreams, blood pressure and heart rate increase, and breathing is quickened, but the body is otherwise immobile. Studies have shown that sleepers deprived of dream-sleep are likely to become irritable and lose coordination skills. Unusually frightening dreams are called nightmares, and daydreams are constructed fantasies that occur while the individual is awake. Studies have demonstrated the existence of lucid dreaming, where the individual is aware that he is dreaming and has a degree of control over his dream. Sigmund , in his pioneering work The Interpretation of Dreams (1900, tr. 1913), was one of the first to emphasize dreams as keys to the unconscious. He distinguished the manifest content of dreamsthe dream as it is recalled by the individualfrom the latent content or the meaning of the dream, which Freud saw in terms of wish fulfillment. C. G. held that dreams function to reveal the unconscious mind, anticipate future events, and give expression to neglected areas of the dreamer's personality. Another theory, which PET scan studies appear to support, suggests that dreams are a result of electrical energy that stimulates memories located in various regions of the brain. Psychology

Strategic Management and Leadership Skills

Strategic Management and Leadership Skills Introduction This report presents the relationship between strategic management and leadership skills. The report shows strategic management and leadership skills of Robert Eckert, the CEO of Mattel. Eckert demonstrated effective strategic management strategies and leadership skills when Mattel was a troubled company that had lost its focus. This was also the period of the biggest recall of toys in the history of the company.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Strategic Management and Leadership Skills specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Understand the relationship between strategic management and leadership In order to comprehend the link between strategic management and strategic leadership, one must appreciate that these two concepts are requisite for the success of an organisation. Strategic management entails evaluation of the current external situations of the sector in which an entity operates and the firms itself. Analysis of the organisation is an internal process, but both internal and external analyses should provide the foundation for keeping the most favourable management practices (Kakabadse, Jackson and Fandale, 2002). In this case, strategic management aims to achieve the best positioning of organisational policies and strategic objectives. Strategic management aims to assert organisational objectives, develop policies and plans for realising these objectives. This process requires adequate allocation of resources in order to realise the desired goals. As the case of Mattel shows, strategic management is the highest level of managerial role. In this case, the CEO (Robert Eckert) and other senior executives took control of the situation. Strategic management and leadership of the CEO provided the overall direction for Mattel. Strategic management involves aligning organisational situation or strategic advantages with the business objectives and the prevailing operational conditions. T he fundamental aim of organisational strategy is to put an organisation in a situation that can allow it to execute its mission well and effectively. An effective organisational strategy should account for a firm’s policies, mission, vision, objectives, and the overall tactics for realising core values of a firm. Chaffee identified key elements that he concluded were fundamental for the concept of strategic management (Chaffee, 1985). First, executives must adapt an entity to the prevailing condition in the industry. Second, strategic management requires change and restructuring. This is a complex process, which must eliminate unstructured functions in the organisation. Third, strategic management influences the whole organisation by providing a new sense of direction.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is imperative when an entity has lost its focus. Fou rth, the process of strategic management also involves formulation and implementation of new strategic directions for an organisation. Fifth, strategic management involves analysis and restructuring of both corporate and specific business strategies. These are analytical and conceptual processes, which require adequate understanding by the top executives of an organisation. On the other hand, strategic leadership is a carefully orchestrated use of favourable tactics to communicate corporate goals of a firm to employees. Hence, strategic leadership must manage, motivate, and influence employees to focus on organisational vision. In this case, the whole team becomes an imperative tool for implementing the required changes in order to achieve the new strategic aims. Strategic leadership should respond to challenges that an organisation faces by providing a vision and strategic direction for recovery, growth, and success. Clearly, this is what Robert Eckert did as a new CEO of Mattel. C hanges at Mattel required leadership skills and necessary resources for formulation and execution. Managing changes in troubled organisations need strategic leadership, which can provide a sense of â€Å"direction, create ownership, and motivate employees to support the necessary strategic changes† (Chaffee, 1985). Strategic leadership requires effective strategies when handling employees. Usually, most leaders use the strategy of motivating workers in order to raise their morale. This would allow employees to take the initiative of improving the current condition of an organisation. Strategic management must encourage employees to perform best for the future success of an organisation. Just like Robert Eckert, strategic leaders have visions for the future by focusing and understanding current situations of their organisations. This allows such leaders to prepare for both current and future challenges they may face. Understanding the current situations and creating awareness for the future is a critical part of strategic leadership. These strategies require well-formulated action plans. Strategic leaders always show the ability to adapt and initiate growth strategies for an organisation. They facilitate communications and take initiatives and responsibilities to ensure that the organisation achieves the best performance possible. Strategic leadership focuses on productivity of an organisation with the aim of encouraging quality and amount of work from employees. Strategic leaders focus on the best interest of their organisations rather than their interests. They also recognise contributions from other employees.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Strategic Management and Leadership Skills specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such leaders motivate employees to perform best in order to realise organisational goals (Pedler, Burgoyne and Boydell, 2004). In this sense, employees can anticipate and understand their overall contributions to strategic objectives of the company. At the same time, strategic leaders motivate employees through incentives and promotions to allow them to perform well for the sake of the organisation. Strategic leaders review their situations before undertaking any critical decisions in the organisation. This shows that careful planning before initiating any changes in the organisation are fundamental components of strategic leadership. Strategic leadership requires that leaders use effective strategies in any critical decision-making processes. This ensures strategic management practices, which result in success of an organisation. Strategic leaders must work in unique situations, which require management of performance in order to improve the situation of their organisations. One can easily notice the effectiveness of strategic leadership in situations, which are volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous. Overall, strategic management focuses on p romoting organisational strategic objectives, formulating, implementing policies, and allocating resources to realise these objectives. In this regard, strategic leadership plays a strategic role of motivating, managing, and encouraging employees to facilitate the realisation of organisational strategic objectives. The Mattel case study: the link between strategic management and leadership Leadership provides a link between strategic management and the realisation of strategic objectives of an organisation. Organisations can only realise their strategic objectives through effective leadership. On the other hand, strategic management must make use of the available resources in order to achieve desired goals. In this regard, leadership must provide direction for the organisation. The case of Mattel under Robert Eckert demonstrates how effective leadership and strategic management can transform an organisation successfully. Robert Eckert shows that strategic management and effective le adership are fundamental concepts, which work together for transformational purposes. Leadership must establish â€Å"strategic goals and the vision of an organisation and provide a future direction for growth† (Kouzes and Posner, 2008).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, Eckert was able to improve Mattel’s turnaround. The CEO strategic decisions resulted in selling of the Learning Company. Eckert managed to reduce costs and improve revenues. He managed to improve Mattel’s market share in the US and overseas. As a result, investors, the board, customers, and other stockholders were happy with the company’s progress. In addition, the Wall Street also took note of the company. Eckert noted that all 30,000 employees of Mattel had an improved sense of dedication to the company’s mission. Overall, strategic management at Mattel involved identification of the company’s objectives, formulating policies, action plans, allocating resources, and executing these plans in order to realise the company’s strategic objectives. Strategic leadership normally manages, motivates, and encourages employees to spearhead the company’s mission in order to realise the desired changes. Strategic leadership brings about changes in an organisation. The turnaround of Mattel: the impact of management and leadership styles on strategic decisions Robert Eckert was able to transform the fortune of Mattel from a company that had lost its focus to a successful one because of effective leadership styles and strategic management approaches. Decisions, which Eckert made to transform the company, were unique and aimed at improving employees’ morale and productivity. These decisions had fundamental impacts in the entire organisation because of effective communications with all employees. The CEO had to make strategic decisions by reviewing the current situation internal, external environments, and employees’ morale. When the leadership of an organisation fails to initiate strategic plans and execute them, then the organisation will fail to realise its strategic objectives. This suggests that leadership is a critical aspect in formulating strategies and action plans for changes in an organisa tion. Eckert was able to make strategic management decisions that affected the whole organisation. As a result, there was almost no resistance, and employees were able to improve on morale and productivity. How Robert Eckert’s leadership style had to be adapted between his original re-structure of Mattel and the 2007 Product recall scandal The concept of strategic management and leadership relies on some theoretical approaches for credibility. For instance, leaders normally base their decisions on resource-based views in which they strive to utilise resources and capabilities available within the company to create competitive advantage. There is also a stakeholder approach when executives relate with their organisations. Robert Eckert declared that he did not put his interest first, but that of Mattel. Restructuring requires leaders to make strategic decisions by establishing priorities on what an organisation should achieve in the future (Adair, 2009a). The leadership must f ormulate these strategies and implement them. Strategic management involves creating priorities for the organisation. Eckert had to focus on what Mattel had to do in order to turnaround itself. Effective leadership is important in making such decisions. Leadership has to unite the organisation in order to realise organisational goals. Eckert was able to handle the recall scandal of 2007 effectively because of his leadership abilities. The CEO managed to communicate effectively with all stakeholders across the global. The process of recall communication was transparent. The CEO and other executives held regular meetings in order to communicate and coordinate the recall strategy. Hence, every senior executive knew about the unfolding scenario at the company about the recall. Executives also held employees’ meetings for updates. Employees at Mattel observed that the recall was successful, and the company was able to recover quickly because the CEO was a part of the process. In o ther words, changes started from the top, which allowed other employees to embrace them. This ensured that the company managed change processes effectively. Robert Eckert displays some leadership styles in the case of Mattel’s product recall. First, the CEO uses a visionary leadership style. Eckert used this strategy because he knew that the company needed a new direction because of poor performance and product recall. As a result, the CEO focused on employees so that he could motivate them to focus on the new set of objectives for the company. According to Daniel Goleman and his colleagues, â€Å"Visionary leaders articulate where a group is going, but not how it will get there – setting people free to innovate, experiment, and take calculated risks† (Goleman, Boyatzis McKee, 2004). Mattel CEO also displayed affiliative leadership style. This type of leaderhsip style emphasises the importance of â€Å"teamwork and it creates harmony in a group by connecting p eople to each other† (Goleman, Boyatzis McKee, 2004). These authors argue that affiliative leadership style is critical â€Å"when trying to heighten team harmony, increase morale, improve communication or repair broken trust in an organisation† (Goleman, Boyatzis McKee, 2004). However, the CEO was careful not to rely on this strategy alone because it could make poor performance within the organisation to go unnoticed. Finally, Eckert also used democratic leadership style. He relied on knowledge and skills of his employees in order to develop a group commitment and improve morale in order to focus on a new direction. The method was appropriate for the company because employees did not know the next course of action after poor performances and product recall. Hence, the CEO relied on the collective wisdom of Mattel employees by consulting widely. Leadership experts warn that democratic leadership may not be appropriate during a crisis, particularly when a management te am needs to make urgent and quick decisions (Goleman, Boyatzis McKee, 2004). Nevertheless, Eckert used it successfully during the product recall. Application of management and leadership theory to support organisational direction Leadership theories and strategic management concepts have enabled CEOs and other senior executives to facilitate change and improve organisational processes. As a result, managers have learned to lead and make strategic decisions by following established standards based on theoretical concepts of organisational behaviours (Mullins, 2010). Such senior executives renew the ownership of the company’s mission, set strategic management objectives, and motivate their employees to work for the future of the organisation. Usually, successful managers know how to plan and review organisational change processes carefully. Unplanned changes disrupt operational processes of an organisation. This can lead to resistance from employees (Kouzes and Posner, 2008). Effective change management requires leadership and constant communication. For instance, Eckert had to adopt a radical transformational approach in order to save the company from the recall scandal, motivate employees, improve revenue growth, and restore stakeholders’ confidence in the company. Effective leaders rely on different leadership strategies in order to achieve the desired change in an organisation. In the case of Mattel, one can observe different leadership strategies that Eckert used. These included transformational, learning, and rational approaches. A review of the impact of the selected theories of management and leadership on Mattel’s organisational strategy Robert Eckert recognised the situation of Mattel by conducting thorough studies and analyses. Hence, Eckert knew that he had to transform the company. This led to the application of transformational leadership strategy. The transformational leadership strategy requires leaders to create and inspire organisational vision and develop a clear set of objectives for the organisation, which create importance to employees within the entire organisation. Chaffee noted that most efforts of transformational leaders concentrate on transcending self-interests among employees in order to change their morale and pursue the realisation of organisational objectives (Chaffee, 1985). Scholars note that the role of management in the transformational process is to â€Å"motivate and inspire organisational members toward organisational goal attainment† (Barbuto, Jr, 2002). The transformational leadership style focuses on bringing employees together in order to achieve a common goal, develop, and maintain strategies for implementing the shared values and organisational vision. The transformational leadership style works because the strategy making process includes self-devotion of the leader, who encourages employees to adopt common organisational values and work toward common goals. Eckert was able to transform Mattel by adopting the transformational leadership style. As a result, the company started to generate revenues, staff morale increased, stakeholders renewed their commitment and confidence in the company, and decrease costs. Eckert also relied on a learning approach as a leadership strategy to manage Mattel during its troubled periods. Barbuto noted that the learning approach to strategy making involves â€Å"continual learning and with heavy reliance on flexibility and adaptation rather than on a predetermined and specifically outlined plan of action† (Barbuto Jr, 2002). Decision-making processes and strategy implementation rely on rationality and uncertainties that exist now. Formulation of organisational strategies needs constant dialogue and communication within the entire organisation. This process must also include other external stakeholders like customers, regulators, analysts, and investors. In this process, the CEO and other senior executives must engage in on-going communication as they strive to comprehend and improve the needs of the organisation and stakeholders. The learning strategy in decision-making was evident when Robert Eckert joined Mattel. Eckert recognised that he had no background in the toy industry because he was just a ‘food guy’. As a result, Eckert embarked on constant learning. He identified three areas that need immediate attention, which included building brands, cutting costs, and developing people. Generally, Eckert found it necessary to focus on employees first by relying on emotional intelligence strategies to boost employees’ morale. The new CEO also built a relationship based on trust. He started by ‘setting the table’ i.e., developing an atmosphere of honesty by engaging in healthy dialogues and constant consultations with others in order to establish common goals for the company. Senior executives must recognise that the learning approach in making strategi c management decisions targets employees’ commitment, focuses on customers, company processes, and constant learning and improvement within the organisation. The learning approach in strategic management focuses on improving strategies in order to achieve the desired changes in an organisation. Eckert dedicated great energy to learn the company’s processes and drive the organisational strategic goals. On-going communication with all stakeholders has been effective in facilitating learning within firms. Eckert was able to learn and discover new strategies for Mattel while on the job. There is also the rational model of strategic management, which concentrates on a systematic analysis and evaluation of all potential strategies that an organisation can pursue in order to improve its processes. The rational approach in strategic management and leadership focuses on evaluation of factors outside the firm, a company’s portfolio, and circumstances within the industry. These analyses help senior executives to understand and define strategies for future development (Barbuto, Jr, 2002). This strategy results in a detailed action plan, several alternatives, and a plan for effective use of available resources. The rational approach works in a similar manner like a resource-based approach that is critical for creating competitive advantage in an organisation. Eckert assessed Mattel’s situation and the industry environment. As a CEO, Eckert had the chief role of understanding Mattel through rational strategies by including employees’ inputs in the process of changing the company. A leadership strategy that supports Mattel’s organisational direction An appropriate leadership strategy for Mattel must recognise its vision of Creating the Future of Play and reinforce the four values of Mattel. In addition, it must complement recognised efforts of Alan Kaye in reducing risks, eliminating challenges from silos, fiefdoms, enhancing coordin ation of policies, communication, and aligning organisational policies and practices with the strategic goals of the CEO. This would result in increased employee engagement, loyalty, and productivity. The overall outcome for the company would be productivity. Still, the future leadership strategy must focus on the company’s global issues, develop, and implement an action plan for improvement. The future leadership strategy for the company must emphasise the role of the management in making strategic management decisions and providing effective leadership, emphasising the company’s mission, and the new direction. Mattel’s new leadership strategies will emphasise the following key drivers of leadership strategies (Pasmore, 2013). Leadership for global growth The future leadership will recognise cultural sensitivity, particularly when dealing with any challenges with the Chinese suppliers. This applies to its global clients too. The strategy will enhance increase d representations of different leadership skills from diverse geographies and build strong cross-cultural relationships. The CEO noted that leaders in other parts of the globe cooperated during the recall scandal. He should strengthen foreign assignments with the Chinese manufacturers and formulate effective strategies in their business arrangements. Leadership for innovation Innovation should drive future leadership strategies of Mattel. The company requires improved interdependence among its executives in order to develop effective collaboration so that it can introduce new, safe toys to the market. At the same time, the company requires increased leadership involvement in various operations and market activities. Mattel must also focus on developing new products and talent implications in order to cater for its growing product portfolio. The company must focus on risk aversion and communication strategies among its senior executives. Leadership focused on customers Mattelâ₠¬â„¢s customers are children across the globe. The company must develop and enact new strategies for understanding children’s experiences with their toys and translate such experiences into best business practices. The company leadership should focus on enhancing positive customer experiences. There is also a need for the company to understand various views from diverse customer bases. The company must emphasise the importance of customer primacy and care globally. Focus on high growth opportunities Mattel will continue to grow. Therefore, the company should focus on talent development in order to avoid potential leadership strains in the future. It is necessary for leadership strategies to focus on leadership growth at various departments of the company. Leadership for enhancing operating efficiency The company leadership should focus on â€Å"lean manufacturing, use Six-Sigma and other methods to bring costs down in to remain profitable and efficient† (Pasmore, 2 013). Senior executives must lead such efforts and allow managers to support such strategies at all levels of the business. This should be a continuous process by all leaders. Assessment of leadership requirements in Mattel Assessment of leadership requirements is a process that can assist Mattel to identify and illustrate employees’ unique characteristics when placed in a given leadership position. Employees have different characteristics and abilities in various roles. The process must account for the candidates’ characteristics with reference to a certain management position now or in the future (Adair, 2009b). It would help the company in making effective selection and placement of employees at the right leadership positions. The aim of leadership assessment is to ensure that Mattel’s employees utilise their potential effectively and improve effectiveness of the company in strategic management and decision-making abilities. In addition, the assessment shall provide a way of measuring several leadership competencies within the company. Mattel could adopt a hybrid system that would provide relative ease and flexibility in order to meet its specific leadership requirements. Use appropriate methods to review current leadership requirements of Mattel The strategic analysis approach will assess strategic thinking abilities of potential leaders (Grint, 2004). They must demonstrate vision and other supporting competencies. In this assessment, the company would ensure that its future leaders evaluate and analyse the presented data and develop the best course of action in order to tackle strategic planning challenges that would affect the company. Another assessment method would be management problems. In this approach, the assessment must evaluate rapid response abilities and high visibility required in a modern organisation. The process must account for decisiveness, flexibility, analytical skills, and other related skills of potential leaders when facing management crisis. Individual exercise method shall evaluate problem-solving techniques of employees. The process must also identify interpersonal skills, flexibility, decision-making abilities, effectiveness in communications, and other competencies that a person should display while in a leadership position. The candidate should display analytical abilities, review materials, and decided on the best course of action for a given situation. Finally, the group exercise method will evaluate interpersonal skills, team building abilities, conflict management, and communication abilities. Employees can work as a team when solving a problem within a specified period (Charan, Drotter and Noel, 2001). A Plan for the development of future situations requiring leadership In the future, the company would likely to become more customer focused than today. Mattel would need leadership skills that can allow it to focus on developing and implementing new strategies for comprehending c ustomer experiences and transforming them into enhanced business strategies and practices. The company will need to establish effective and solid relations within all areas of customer touch points with the aim of creating seamless experiences for customers. Mattel will establish the need to understand specific needs of various customers. Thus, it must move beyond a general solution for all customers. The company must facilitate a culture of customer care and customer primacy. Mattel will expand to other markets globally. This would demand for a greater cultural awareness and sensitivity among its leaders (Kristensen, 2001). At the same time, the company will need to improve on representation of diverse cultures and geographies at the management levels. Managers will also require different skills in languages and communication abilities. These leadership skills would facilitate the development of cross-cultural relations. At the same time, there would be increased international acti vities for senior executives. Mattel senior leaders would require practical knowledge in different local laws and business practices in different countries across the world (Guthridge and Komm, 2008; Lipman-Blumen, 2000). The company will also require leadership skills to facilitate innovation. Leaders shall need a great interdependence to enhance functional collaboration and teamwork with the aim of creating new products for the market. This would require increased leadership participation in different roles such as collecting user insights and applying them in developing new products for profitability. Future leaders will have to anticipate talent, capital, and innovative requirements for the fast growing consumer markets. In addition, leaders will have to overcome cultural barriers and embrace changes to enhance innovation (Sinclair, 2004). Mattel shall also enhance operational efficiency in the future. The company must adopt cost reduction strategies, lean manufacturing approach es, and Six Sigma for control critical aspects of production. Leaders must support these initiatives and lead by performance. Moreover, they must establish a culture of continued improvement, which senior executives must spearhead in all departments (Senge, 1990). Ability to plan the development of leadership skills The most important aspect of being able to plan strategies for developing new leadership skills for the future involves reviewing and understanding organisational business objectives. People who undertake this process must have deep knowledge about the organisation. In addition, there should be experts in leadership who understand processes of acquisition, development, and retention of leadership talents. It is critical to identify factors that drive business strategies. This would help leaders in understanding SWOT of the company and position it appropriately among competitors. These factors can allow leaders to create unique positions within the market, but leaders mus t understand essential elements of business drivers. The plan for the development of the main leadership skills identified as lacking within the Mattel structure Mattel will require constant assessments of individual employees and the organisation itself. Employees can create self-awareness and provide data for identification of management talent. Organisational assessment can reveal the performance of current leadership and changes required for business improvement. Mattel will rely on work assessment in order to understand how leaders can develop certain skills required for the task. Work assessment should have certain goals for evaluation purposes. This enhances feedback on skills attained by trainees and mentors with reference to specific business strategies required (Fowler and Gorman, 2005). Feedback from mentoring and coaching processes is an effective means of assessing and developing an appropriate leadership plan for the future. However, in most cases, people involved in c oaching and mentoring may fail assessment on feedback for potential leadership abilities. However, it is important to understand challenges that relate to coaching and mentoring because these concepts of leadership develop can also destroy potential individuals (Lambert, 2004). It is important for senior executives to participate in talent management within the organisation (Gold, Thorpe and Mumford, 2010). Mattel will not realise advantages from senior executives’ involvement in the leadership development plan, unless such leaders support, adopt, and evaluate the desired skills for future leaders for the company. Executives must demonstrate personal support and engagement for the processes of changes within the organisation (Drath, 2004). Another plan is to provide leadership seminars, events, and meetings. These provide opportunities for employees to interact, learn, and get information on the required leadership skills for the future. However, organisations must understand costs that result for such events. Thus, it is necessary to leverage such events. Evaluate and report on the usefulness of methods used to plan the development of leadership skills Leadership development strategies applied in this process are effective because they identify and specify specific actions that Mattel must undertake in order to develop, retain, or source employees with leadership abilities that it may require in order to meet business objectives. This suggests that the company’s leadership strategy plans relies on organisational strategic objectives and quantifiable business results. These approaches also recognise practical aspects inherent in developing effective leadership skills. Evaluating the best leadership style for Mattel According to situational leadership theory, the best leadership for an organisation depends on â€Å"situational variables because no single leadership style fits all workplace environments† (Oracle, 2012). Mattel should use à ¢â‚¬Å"the type of work, the complexity of its projects, and qualifications of employees in order to develop future leadership plans† (Oracle, 2012). Evaluating current and potential leaders The company focuses on expected leadership skills and competencies when evaluating current and future leaders. It must also evaluate internal politics and structures when developing future leadership skills. Identify leadership gaps The leadership plan accounts for leadership gaps in the company. The company assesses all employees on their readiness to lead others by evaluating current and future leadership requirements. Succession plan for organisational critical roles Mattel did not have the CEO for many months. Moreover, many employees in critical leadership positions resigned. Hence, an effective leadership plan accounts for succession and avoidance of disruption when key leaders leave the company. A succession plan should be a part of Mattel’s company policies. A successio n plan should account for all critical departments of the company. Career plans for potential leaders The plan accounts for responsibilities, which an employee can handle comfortably. Career planning aids â€Å"in retention, engagement, and protection of the leadership pipeline of a company† (Oracle, 2012). Career advancement programmes are effective ways of retaining potential leaders in a company. In fact, most employees leave their jobs due to lack career planning in an organisation. Required skills for future leaders It is important for a career plan to recognise changes that take place in the workplace environment. Thus, an organisation should identify potential leaders and develop a skills roadmap for the future (Oracle, 2012). Such leader plans should account for both formal and informal learning in the organisation. The plan should focus on â€Å"coaching, rotational assignments, job shadowing, mentor relationships, and project leadership† (Oracle, 2012). T his should account for technologies and include elements of social networking. Retention approaches for current and potential future leaders A leadership development plan must have retention strategies. Organisations have used both monetary and non-monetary reward approaches in order to retain their employees. A good approach should link such strategies with performance and motivate employees to stay focused on realising organisational goals. Reference List Adair, J 2009a, Effective Leadership: How to be a Successful Leader, Pan, London. Adair, J 2009b, How to Grow Leaders: The Seven Key Principles of Effective Leadership Development, Kogan Page, London. Barbuto, Jr, J. 2002, ‘How is Strategy Formed in Organizations? A Multi-Disciplinary Taxonomy of Strategy-Making Approaches’, Ó the Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management, vol. 3, no.1, p. 64. Chaffee, E 1985, ‘Three models of strategy’, Academy of Management Review, vol. 10, no. 1. Charan, R, D rotter, S, and Noel, J 2001, The Leadership Pipeline, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA. Drath, W 2004, The Deep Blue Sea: Rethinking the Source of Leadership, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA. Fowler, J and Gorman, J 2005, ‘Mentoring Functions: A Contemporary View of the Perceptions of Mentees and Mentors’, British Journal of Management, vol. 16, pp. 51-57. Gold J, Thorpe R and Mumford A 2010, Leadership and Management Development, CIPD, New York. Goleman, D, Boyatzis, R McKee, A 2004, Primal Leadership: Learning to Lead with Emotional Intelligence, Harvard Business Review Press, Cambridge. Grint, K 2004, What is Leadership? From Hydra to Hybrid, Working Paper, Oxford University, Oxford. Guthridge, M and Komm, A 2008, ‘Why multinationals struggle to manage talent’, The McKinsey Quarterly. Kakabadse, A, Jackson, S and Fandale, E 2002, Meeting the Development Needs of Top Teams and Boards, CRF, London. Kouzes, M and Posner, B 2008, The Leadership Challenge, 4th edn, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA. Kristensen, J 2001, Post-Modern Approaches to Cross Boundary Interventions in Understanding Collaboration,University of the West of England Press, Bristol. Lambert, A 2004, Obtaining Value from Executive Coaching and Mentoring, CRF, London. Lipman-Blumen, J 2000, Connective Leadership: Managing in a Changing World, Oxford University Press, New York, NY. Mullins, L 2010, Management and Organisational Behaviour, 9th edn, Prentice Hall, New York. Oracle 2012, Seven Steps for Effective Leadership Development, An Oracle White Paper, Oracle Corporation, Redwood Shores, CA. Pasmore, W 2013, Developing a Leadership Strategy, A White Paper, The Center for Creative Leadership, Greensboro, NC. Pedler, M, Burgoyne, J and Boydell, T 2004, A Managers Guide to Leadership, McGraw-Hill, Maidenhead. Senge, P 1990, ‘The Leaders New Work: Building Learning Organizations’, Sloan Management Review, vol. 32, no.1. Sinclair, A 2004, ‘Journey Around Le adership’, Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 7-19.

Race Relations and the Olympic Games

Race Relations and the Olympic Games Given that competitors from across the globe compete in the Olympic Games, it’s no surprise that racial tensions will flare on occasion. Athletes in the 2012 Olympic Games in London sparked controversy by making racial jabs about people of color online. Fans set off scandals as well by taking to Twitter to lob xenophobic insults at players from rival countries. And the International Olympic Committee itself was accused of anti-Semitism for not honoring the Israeli athletes killed by terrorists at the 1972 Olympic Games with a moment of silence during opening ceremonies 40 years later. This roundup of racial controversies linked to the 2012 Olympics reveals the state of global race relations and how much progress the world needs to make in order for all people- athletes and otherwise- to be considered equals. No Moment of Silence for Victims of Munich Massacre During the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich, a Palestinian terrorist group called Black September killed 11 Israeli competitors after taking them hostage. The survivors of those killed asked the International Olympic Committee to have a moment of silence for the slain athletes during the opening ceremonies of the 2012 Olympic Games to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the Munich Massacre. The IOC refused, leading the family members of the victims to accuse Olympic officials of anti-Semitism. Ankie Spitzer, the wife of the late fencing coach Andre Spitzer, remarked, â€Å"Shame on the IOC because you have forsaken the 11 members of your Olympic family. You are discriminating against them because they are Israelis and Jews,† she said. Ilana Romano, widow of weightlifter Yossef Romano, agreed. She said that IOC president Jacques Rogge told her during a meeting that it was difficult to answer whether or not the IOC would have approved a moment of silence for the murdered athletes had they not been Israelis. â€Å"One could feel the discrimination in the air,† she said. European Athletes Make Racist Remarks on Twitter Before Greek triple jump athlete Paraskevi â€Å"Voula† Papahristou even had a chance to compete in the Olympics, she was kicked off her country’s team. Why? Papahristou sent out a tweet disparaging Africans in Greece. On July 22, she wrote in Greek, â€Å"With so many Africans in Greece, at least the mosquitoes of West Nile will eat homemade food.† Her message was re-tweeted more than 100 times and the 23-year-old quickly faced an angry backlash. After the scandal she apologized, â€Å"I would like to express my heartfelt apologies for the unfortunate and tasteless joke I published on my personal Twitter account,† she said. â€Å"I am very sorry and ashamed for the negative responses I triggered, since I never wanted to offend anyone, or to encroach human rights.† Papahristou wasn’t the only Olympic athlete penalized for being racially insensitive on Twitter. Soccer player Michel Morganella was booted off the Swiss team after he referred to South Koreans as a â€Å"bunch of Mongoloids† on the social networking site. He made the race-based jab after South Korea beat the Swiss team in soccer on July 29. Gian Gilli, head of the Swiss Olympic delegation, explained in a statement that Morganella was removed from the team for having â€Å"said something insulting and discriminatory† about his South Korean rivals. â€Å"We condemn these remarks,† Gilli stated. Was Monkey Gymnast Commercial a Swipe at Gabby Douglas? After 16-year-old Gabby Douglas became the first black gymnast to win the gold medal for the women’s all-around in the sport, NBC sportscaster Bob Costas remarked, â€Å"There are some African-American girls out there who tonight are saying to themselves: ‘Hey, I’d like to try that too.’† Shortly after Douglas’ image appeared during Costas’ commentary on NBC, the network that broadcast the Olympics in the U.S., a commercial for new sitcom â€Å"Animal Practice† featuring a monkey gymnast aired. Many viewers felt that the monkey gymnast was somehow a racial jab at Douglas, since she’s black and racists historically likened African Americans to monkeys and apes. The network apologized in light of a torrent of negative feedback from viewers. It said the commercial was simply a case of bad timing and that the â€Å"Animal Practice† advertisement didn’t aim to offend anyone. For the fourth time in a row, the U.S. women’s soccer team took home the gold medal. They surged to the top during the London Olympics by defeating the Japanese women’s soccer team. After their 2-1 victory, fans took to Twitter not simply to rejoice but also to make racially tinged remarks about the Japanese. â€Å"This ones for Pearl Harbor you Japs,† wrote one tweeter. Many others tweeted similar comments. Discussing the controversy, Brian Floyd of the website SB Nation begged such tweeters to stop posting racially insensitive comments. â€Å"That wasn’t for Pearl Harbor,† he wrote. â€Å"It was a†¦soccer game. Please, for the love of everything, stop doing this, guys. It doesn’t reflect well on any of us. Stop being awful.† â€Å"Exotic Beauty† Lolo Jones Dominates Track and Field Media Coverage Sprinter Lolo Jones wasn’t the top track and field star to represent the United States during the Olympic Games, prompting fellow American runners as well as New York Times writer Jere Longman to point out that Jones garnered a disproportionate amount of media coverage. Why was Jones reported on more than American runners such as Dawn Harper and Kellie Wells? Those women came in at second and third place, respectively, in the women’s 100 meter hurdle, while Jones came in fourth. Longman of the Times says that the biracial Jones has capitalized on her â€Å"exotic beauty† to compensate for her shortcomings as an athlete. Danielle Belton of Clutch magazine said that members of the mostly white and male news media gravitate toward Jones because, â€Å"What is of interest [to] them is a pretty girl, preferably white or as close as you can get to it, who can also do ‘sports.’† Colorism, Belton said, is why the media largely overlooked darker-skinne d runners Harper and Wells to cover Jones.

Business law case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business law - Case Study Example The nature of the transaction is dependent upon the agreement between the parties. A novation also takes place when the original parties continue their obligation to one another, but a new agreement is substituted for the old. In order for the novation to be legally binding and enforceable, it must be agreed between all the parties involved and must be in writing as required by law. Answer: Breach of contract may be defined as the failure of one of the parties in a contract to abide with the terms or conditions of the contract. It gives rise to a cause of action and the party at fault could be held liable for the payment of damages. The party at fault could be held liable for the actual loss or nominal loss, or both of the aggrieved party. Actual losses are those that can be identified or estimated. Nominal losses are awarded when no apparent loss can be estimated as a result of the breach. In this case, Jettison could be held liable for payment of the actual loss suffered by the lessor which is the payment of the monthly lease for one year. The $250 dollar monthly reduction is not a loss at all so it is not compensable. Answer: One of the essential requisites of an employment contract is acceptance by the other party within a reasonable or a given period. The Big Bucks, Inc. offered an employment contract to Sara Student. ... The non-compete clause is a valid provision in an employment contract. It is an agreement that restricts an employee from seeking an employment to a similar institution, or to use the information gained after the employee had left the employer-company who made the agreement. This is to prevent trade secrets and confidential information from being exposed and utilized by other companies. The New York case of Double Click v. Henderson is the leading authority for this case (Nov. 7, 1997, WL 731413, N.Y. Sup. Crt.) Cyber-Deli Caf case: Issue: Is Kevin and his partners liable for the injury sustained by the customer who slipped and wrenched his back at the main dining area of the caf Answer: The premises liability rule is the body of law which makes the owner or possessor of land or property responsible or liable for injuries sustained by a person who is present in a premise (Expert Law). The US Reinstatement of (Second) Torts drafted by the American Law Institute is one of the legal sources of premises of liability. An example of premises liability can arise from a "slip and fall" accident. Slip and fall accident happens when an invitee, a licensee, or a trespasser slipped or fell in a property maintained by the owner or possessor causing him or her an injury as a result of the "dangerous condition" of the place which is known by the owner or possessor but was not anticipated by the injured party. To be legally responsible for the injuries someone suffered from slipping, tripping, or falling on someone else's property, the owner/possessor or the employee of a store, restaurant, or other business must have caused the spill, worn, or torn spot, or other